Maryland Zoo: Highlight #5 -- "I'm Ready For My Close-up" a Visit to the Farm Yard

 Maryland Zoo has, like so many other zoos, a farm area.  It once won awards back in the early 1990's.  It's home to various species of: goats, sheep, alpaca, pigs, donkeys and swans.  Two of our signature conservation animals are our Trumpeter Swans (we've contributed dozens of offspring to wild restoration efforts in Iowa and Oregon.  And our Kune Kune pigs, ambassadors of the endangered species native to New Zealand.  There is also a small group of miniature Texas Long-horn Cattle that you can only hope to get a look at if you ride the zoo train.

I have big dreams for this area.  I would love to keep most of the current incumbents, but rechristened the space: "The World Farm @ the Maryland Zoo" With an emphasis on endangered domestic species.

1) I would replace the current pig/sheep house with a new duo of structures that would reflect a fusion of New Zealand and Southern Steppe architecture.  I would keep the Kune Kune pigs and replace the Cotswold Sheep with Karakul Sheep.  The renovation would include an expansive yard behind the building to allow for at least 6 animals: (1 Ram and 5 Ewes), and plans to sell offspring to private breeders to off-set the cost of caring for the herd.

2) Expanded Alpaca and Goat yards

3) Maintain the current Mediterranean Miniature Donkey and Trumpeter Swan habitats.

4) North of the Goat Yard, build a new barn in the white-washed Gaelic style and host a small group of Highland Cattle.

5) Across the path from the new cattle barn I would create a paddock for horses.  The barn could be centered between two sets of pens and include two species: a) Assateague Island Ponies, and possibly Galeciños.

6) Transform the little orchard that is there now into a habitat from Running Ducks from India.  This would include a sizable pond and duck house built in the style of a rural Indian animal house.  Further, I would design a lattice over part of the pond and train cucumbers to climb it and provide a canopy for summer shade, while allowing guests to see how the fruit grows off the ground and dangles so it can be easily harvested by someone in a little boat.  (An ingenious practice I encountered while traveling in China.)  You could also place the Peafowl in this habitat.

7) On the northern edge of all of this clear out a space to include a Rabbitarium--the first structure dedicated to the preservation of endangered Rabbit species in any AZA institution.  A breeding program could also contribute to the zoo's income.  The building would be an octogon with entrances on opposite sides and three exterior spaces on opposite sides of these with three interior spaces to match.  The Idea would be to celebrate European Breeds with perhaps the following endangered and critically endangered species present: Belgian Hare (Belgium), Blanc de Hotot and Creme d'Argent (France), Silver Martin (England), Gotland Rabbit (Sweden) and the Carmagnola Grey (Italy).  Displays could feature a wider range of endangered species and even highlight some wild breeds that are endangered like the Riverine Hare of South Africa.  

One of the draws of the Farm is to give people opportunities to see adorable animals that they can whenever possible interact with.  It's also important to demonstrate how animals and people interact in other places.  What domestication looks like and the fact that breeds of domesticated animals can also go extinct.

8) And finally beyond the new far end of the farm area establish an heirloom Apple orchard.  This would highlight the fact that even fruit species can go extinct.  It might also lead to an annual Heirloom Apple festival with all sort of potential revenue streams for the zoo.  It would also require a certain amount of engineering prowess to be successful in keeping out the local deer.  In this area the main feature is a hillock.  I would love to see that turned into a raised "field" with steep stone walls all around of say 10 feet with a stylish wrought iron fencing around it.  Access would come via a set of steps with a complimentary ADA ramp and a gate sufficient to keep the deer out.  A space large enough to hold 16 trees, 8 each of two endangered heirloom species like: the Virginia Greening and the Roxbury Russet.  The latter is considered the oldest apple cultivar to originate in the United States.

That's a lot.  Here are some pics of our lovely farmyard folk.

Maryland Zoo: Highlight #4 - Chimpanzee Forest

 Built in the mid-1990's, our Chimp Forest was the final bit of major construction that marked the late 1980's and 1990's as the Maryland Zoo's transformation into a modern zoological institution.  The Chimpanzee Forest is the epicenter of our Primate populations.  Built with a spacious interior featuring one large habitat called the "Day Room" specifically for the use of our Chimpanzees, and two smaller (but still large) adjacent interior habitats, followed on one end by a large habitat with both dry and wet areas (and under-water viewing) to house a species of African crocodile.  Multi-story faux trees with massive trunks both conceal support beams and integrate the guest experience in the large open hall with the habitats reserved for the apes and monkeys.  Live foliage adds a natural feel to the human only spaces.

When completed in the summer of 1995, the AZA christened it with a troop of 6 Chimpanzees.  It has been 25 years since Chimpanzees were part of the Maryland Zoo Experience.   One Male, Harvey (age 36), came from the Toledo Zoo on loan to anchor the troop as its first Alpha male.  Once a permanent male was selected, Harvey returned to Toledo and his home and troop there.  And Five Females: Joice, (age 23), her offspring, Renee (age 3), Carole (age 10), Rustie (age 7) who arrived pregnant and almost due (she gave birth to Raven, who was, obviously our first newborn Chimpanzee), and Bunny (Age 5).  From the start Joice asserted herself as the Alpha female and had a strong predilection to peacemaking.  To this day: Joice, Rustie, Carole, Bunny, and Rustie's daughter, Raven, remain part of our troop.  Renee and Rustie (who diabetic) both passed of natural causes.  Joice, at 53, is the oldest mammal at the Maryland Zoo and continues to play the role of peacemaker.  Four additional females joined the troop over time: Abbie Jane, Asali, and Rozi. Rozi was Rusties daughter and raised by keepers along side of Asali who was transferred from another zoo after her mother failed to nurture her.

Harvey was replaced by Kasoje, who was born at the Little Rock Zoo.  All of the females came to us from Yerkes Regional Primate Center in Georgia, a non-public AZA affiliated organization.  The next new members were a pair of brothers and former Hollywood Actors, Louie and Jack.  They starred in the two film franchise "MVP" Most Valuable Primates, a farce about Chimps who led a sport team to victory.  In addition, the pair were also seen in commercials and as guest spots on network shows.   The transition from life with humans to members of a Chimpanzee troop was not easy.  However, both boys found their footing, and today Jack is, in point of fact, the Alpha male--in spite of Kasoje's ongoing protestations. 

The final outside member is Alex.  If Jack is the Alpha Chimp, then Alex is the Omega.  Alex joined the troop in 2019 at the recommendation of the AZA after the Potowatomie Zoo in South Bend, Indiana decided to end their care of Chimps.  With a troop of just four, Alex and three females, and a habitat falling out of compliance with AZA requirements, Potowatomie Zoo made the difficult and necessary decision to place their focus on other species more suited to their space and welfare concerns for the animals in their care.  I learned only this past weekend that Alex, after nearly six years at the zoo, has never been formally introduced to Kasoje out of an abundance of caution for Kasoje's at times explosive temperament against Alex's demure and gentle nature.  This impresses the socks off of me.  How grateful I am that the habitats are designed with multiple interior and exterior spaces that allow for random and strategic grouping of the Chimpanzees.

So let us land in the year 2018.  The AZA's Chimpanzee committee meets and discusses the viability of the collective population, members at various institutions and desired lineages for future members.  As a result, the Maryland Zoo gets the green light to breed.  The first consequence of this occurs on July 5, 2019 with the birth of Lola to Bunny!  Bunny is a first time mom, and as keepers work with her, they have one major concern; Bunny has some degree of hearing loss.  Through the process, the depth of her disability becomes more apparent, but so does the depth of her maternal instincts.  Bunny is an excellent mom!  Prior to this, she was also the low chimp on the totem pole of females.  Now her cache among the troop rises exponentially.

In December of the same year, Raven gives birth to Violet.  Now there are two.  Then in the Summer of 2020, a newborn female chimp from the Oklahoma City Zoo joined our troop after her mother failed to nurture her.  At the Maryland Zoo, female member Abby came with a history of nurturing orphaned infants; however, this time she showed little interest.  That's when our keeper staff stepped in and using extraordinary strategies became Maisie's collective "mother," all the while working to introduce her to the troop.  The efforts paid-off.  And rather than a surrogate mother, she found a surrogate father in Louie.  Today she's a spunky little member of the sisterhood of young female chimps.

But wait, there's more!  In 2024, the troop experienced two births.  One chimp unfortunately died shortly after birth from conditions that could not have been remedied.  The other, another daughter, was born to Rozi and is our newest troop member, Ivy.  

A few years back, the Maryland Zoo made the extraordinary decision to hire a pair of animal research psychologists and create positions of lead and assistant Animal Behavioral Curators.  Their work began with making sense of the mountains of observational and behavior data that the zoo collects, and then turning that into actionable improvements for the welfare of our animals.  In the Chimp troop, this work led to a process called "Fission-Fusion" which monitors individual animal interactions in order to determine how to help them choose daily groupings.rs  Without the benefit of acres and acres of territory, this process best mimics the Chimps own natural ability to support or take a break from one another to the benefit of the ability of the troop to thrive socially.

On this midweek visit, I discovered only three members of the troop in the day room.  Louie relaxing on a bed of straw on his back.  Alex, grooming his lower belly and inner thighs, and little Maisie, grooming his left flank.  All engaged in behaviors that build their relationships and deepen their commitments to look out for one another.  Four Pics of Maisie

Four Pics of Maizie!

Additionally, the Chimpanzee Forest is home to a large, modular Herpetarium containing some of the Panamanian Golden Frogs that call the Maryland Zoo home.  Presently Extinct in the Wild in Panama, the Maryland Zoo was the first AZA institution to successfully breed these amazing amphibians in captivity.  The zoo is also a critically important partner with EVACC- El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center in Panama where the only captive population of this animal exists in the country that thinks of it as its national symbol.  At any given time there will be up to 40 male frogs in the herpetarium, while behind the scenes at the Panamanian Golden Frog Conservation Center located in the zoo's hospital, up to 500 members of this species can be found.  Chances are if you encounter them at any other AZA zoo or aquarium, there will be members that are first, second or third generations relatives of those residing there.

Every Panamanian Golden Frog has a unique pattern, like a fingerprint

Dinner: Ground Beef Chow Mein

 

Folger Theatre: A Room in the Castle

 "A Room in the Castle" is the story of Ophelia and the relationship that she develops with Queen Gertrude and a handmaid named Anna that ultimate gives her the power to write her own ending out of one of Shakespeare's most beloved tragedies, "Hamlet".  In "A Room" Lauren Gunderson, the playwright, does what she does so well, she creates empathetic characters who live just outside the lines of actual historical or fictional works.  She looks for the cracks and then inserts her own unique and delightful light.  The play is both funny and tragic, and holds the same timeline as Hamlet, only deeper inside the walls of Elsinore Castle.  

The acting is outstanding.  Anna, played by Burgess Byrd, is Ester Roll reincarnated and just as sassy and tiger-mom maternal.  I don't know if it was intentional, but a life-long fan of "Good Times" and Ms. Roll's creation of Florida Evans, Byrd seems to adopt many of her mannerisms and facial expressions--and it works.  Rather than feel stolen, they come off as inevitable.  Oneika Phillips plays the implacable Queen of Denmark in a script that is cut like a fine diamond or a polished glass slipper perfectly fitted to allow her walls to slowly come down as her world in the other play also unravels.  I would LOVE to see her play Gertrude in Hamlet, too. And here I take a moment to praise Gunderson again.  She devised  a way to integrate the two was simple, yet very affecting and didn't require any actual actors in the rolls of Hamlet, Laertes, Polonius or Claudius, for this was first and foremost a women's play.

Saving the best for last, Sabrina Lynne Sawyer was made to play the isolated, neurotic, creative and still very much adolescent Ophelia.  From the first time we see her sitting on her bed composing love songs in response to the letters Hamlet has sent to her, the very end when her escape is complete and she knows she will never again live in the shadow of a castle or a man I was captivated by her performance.   The production is a joint affair between Folger and the Cincinnati Shakespeare Company.  Both Byrd and Phillips work in the Cincinnati region, while Sawyer is a DMV native.  

One final shout out to a supporting member of the design team that I rarely praise: The Costumer.  Nicole Jescinth Smith created outfits that were trapped between two worlds: ancient Denmark and the red carpet.  Of particular note were the Queens gowns--stunning in their look and enhancing the character in the way they accentuated her powerful physical choices.   

When we first encounter Ophelia (Sabrina Lynn Sawyer) composing songs

Enter her handmaiden, Anna (Burgess Byrd), who was unaware of her musical talents.

When we first meet Queen Gertrude (Oneika Phillips), like her gown, she is as cold as ice.

But as she warms up, so does the color of her gown

Over wine the three women hatch a plan to save Ophelia's life.

And still there are obligations to the other play that must be met.

Anna, in her most tiger mom moment lets the queen know that if the plan fails it will be her fault and Anna will have her justice.

The plan does not fail, and yet the end for the queen is not something that she or they can rewrite...Her death scene delivered from a balcony.

Ophelia with Anna disguised as men realizing that they are as Anna tells them, "Free at last."

Maryland Zoo Highlight #3 -- African Waterhole and Southern White Rhinoceros

 The African Continent features prominently among the animals you will encounter at the Maryland Zoo.  We have Iconic species like African Elephants, Lions, Reticulated Giraffe, Plains Zebra, Chimpanzees, Ostriches, and Southern White Rhinoceros.  We also have hoof-stock that includes Lesser Kudu, Addra Gazelle and Sitatunga.  Lesser Primates that include: Ring-tailed Lemurs, Red-Ruffed Lemurs, Coquerel's Sifaka, Black and White Colobus and Red-tailed Geunon.  You can also find: Cheetah, Cape Porcupine, Warthogs, Okapi, Blue Duikers, Saddle-billed Stork, Black Crowned Crane, Southern Ground Hornbill, Sulcata Tortoises, West African Slender-nosed Crocodile, and Black-footed Penguin.  It's a pretty wide range of species native to Africa.  Some are critically endangered (Addra Gazelle, Coquerel's Sifaka, Black-footed Penguins) and others are finding the support and opportunity to continue to recover.

One of these species is the Southern White Rhinoceros which has one of the most extraordinary survival stories of any modern species on the brink of extinction.  In the 1800's Rhinoceros were slaughtered across South Africa in the manner of the Carolina Parakeet or the Passenger Pigeon in the United States.  By 1885, they were thought to have gone extinct, which at the time was of little concern to most South Africans.  Then in 1895, a small herd was discovered in what was, at the time, a remote area of KwaZulu-Natal province in the far eastern area of South Africa.  Realizing what they had discovered led a group of conservation minded folk to establish the Umfolozi Junction Reserve.  Estimates vary, but most sources indicate the number of Southern White Rhinoceros found there were as low as 20 to as high as 50.  I once listened to a podcast that claimed the number was just 19 animals!  

While the reserve gave the Southern White Rhinoceros a modicum of protection, the work to breed such a small number of animals into a larger, more viable herd was painstakingly slow.  Census records give us some idea of what this looked like.  The number grew to around 200 by 1935; 400 by 1955.  By this time, the Rhinoceros that lived in Umfolozi Junction Reserve, were being re-introduced into other areas of South Africa.  By 1975, the number was just shy of 900 and with multiple satellite herds across South Africa and now extending into Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, the numbers began to grow more robustly.  And this against the backdrop of a consistent percentage of poached animals every year.  

Today Southern White Rhinoceros are found in viable numbers across six continuous Southern African nations.  Three more countries are in the process of establishing self-sustaining populations: Zambia, Uganda and Kenya.  By the most recent estimates, there are between 18,750 and 21,500 Southern White Rhinoceros in the wild today.  Roughly speaking that's a 10,000% increase and it only took 130 years!  Additionally, there are around 800 more Southern White Rhinoceros in Zoos and Wildlife Reserves across North America, and another 100 to 200 across Europe, Asia and Australia.

Which brings us to the Maryland Zoo.  The Rhinoceros Habitat which is part of a multi-species exhibit, called the African Waterhole, was opened to the public in 1992.  The first Rhinoceros to call the Maryland Zoo home was a female named Daisy Mae (#380).  At the time of her arrival, she was 22 years old.  In 1999, a four-year-old male, born at the Knoxville Zoo was transferred to join her.  His name was Stubby (#1040).  Stubby's mother was Polly (#452) who was born in 1968 in the wild in South Africa.  At age 2, she was transferred to the United States, and in 1976 was transferred to the Knoxville Zoo.  During her time there, she was paired with 3 different males and gave birth to 10 offspring!  Amazing.  Stubby was her penultimate child.  

Stubby and Daisy Mae bonded and were companion animals right up until her death from natural causes at age 46 in 2016.  Stubby continued alone for a time, and then with a younger male named Jaharo.  Jaharo arrived at the Maryland Zoo in early 2017.  She died of age related concerns in 2022.

It was hoped that the two males would form a companionship; however, Jaharo and Stubby never clicked.  They remained rivals during their time together.  Within a year of arriving Jaharo showed signs of illness.  In the autumn of 2018, Jaharo was treated for a rare genetic illness.  At first the prognosis looked good, but then in January of 2019, he took a sudden turn for the worse and died on January 27.  This is when a serious consideration of Stubby's welfare was undertaken.  In the prime of his life, he was certainly able to breed.  After consideration of the options, the AZA SSP committee for Southern White Rhinoceros made the decision to orchestrate a swap.  Stubby would move to the AZA affiliated reserve Rum Creek Center for Conservation of Tropical Ungulates--a leading non-profit whose mission is to preserve endangered species of Rhinoceros.  In return, two young males would be transferred to the Maryland Zoo.  

In April of 2021, our current incumbent Southern White Rhinoceros, Jelani and JP (James Paul) were introduced to the public at the Maryland Zoo.  Born on June 7, 2016 and August 14, 2016 respectively the two four-year-old males share the same sire.  Now, at age 8, they are quite the pair with wonderful personalities.  

(On a sad side note...Stubby's hopeful arrival at Rum Creek didn't pan out.   He died in 2024, just two years after his mother.  I have not been able to discover the cause at this time.)

Maryland Zoo Highlight #2 -- A Walk around the Wetlands and Grasslands

 African Animals feature prominently at the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore.  Among the hoof-stock, two members of the genus Tragelaphus can be found.  Sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii)  and Lesser Kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) are an excellent pairing for guests to see and compare the commonalities and differences of these two genetic cousins.  The most significant common trait are the spiraling horns that all of the males and some of the females in the genus share.  It is the reason for their genus' existence, in fact.  Other similarities include their markings made up of thin white stripes and spots.

Among their major differences are the fact that Sitatunga coats are thick and slightly shaggy, white Lesser Kudu bear short hair that tends to reflect sunlight with a little shimmer.  This makes sense when you know that Sitatunga live in swampy forested areas with lots of shade, while Lesser Kudu live on the open savanna's.   One of my favorite differences is in the way in which the two species react to danger.  Not surprisingly the Lesser Kudu are excellent runners and flee.  The Sitatunga, however, are excellent swimmers and they will seek safety by hiding in water!  They will submerse their entire bodies with the exception of their nostrils and wait patiently for the danger to pass.

The Maryland Zoo has very successful breeding programs for both species.  Presently, our most recent Sitatunga buck passed into Ancestry last autumn, and so our herd consists of nine females, eight adults and one yearling.  We are awaiting a replacement male as the Association of Zoos and Aquariums decides on the best fit for our herd to ensure the greatest genetic diversity within the stock of Sitatunga within their care.  Our herd of Lesser Kudu is a but smaller.  We have two long-time female residents: Lemon and Meringue.  Meringue is Lemon's offspring.  We have a young new Buck, Zahi, who will be turning 3 this year.  He's been with us just over a year and wasted no time getting together with Meringue, who last summer bore Mandazi, a lovely male.  As Mandazi matures, he will necessarily be transferred to another zoo where he can carry on his lineage.  Lemon is probably past calf bearing years at this point in her life.

Sitatunga females are this bright burnt umber color, while the males are a dusky hickory brown.

Zahi with his crown of spiral horns basking in the warm sun.

Also in this area you might encounter one or more of our Cape Porcupines.  The zoo is home to 3.  Our regal "old man" Kayin who is around 20 which pushes him past the high end of the average lifespan of his species by five years!  This past autumn, the Maryland Zoo received a younger pair from another AZA institution.  Rocco, the male, is deferential to Kayin, and doesn't come out into the yard when Kayin is out.  Dill, the female, on the other hand, seems to enjoy Kayin's company.

Old Kayin (pronounced Cane) also sleeping the warm sun.

Finally, on the bright, slightly cool breezy day of my visit the warthogs were out.  The Maryland Zoo is home to two, a companion pair.  Hodor is our male and he was born at the Detroit Zoo in 2015.  KeeWee is our female and a member of the last litter of warthogs born at the Maryland Zoo, also in 2015.  Warthogs are one of the species for whom life expectancy varies greatly between wild and captive populations.  In the wild a range of 7 to 11 is generally accepted; however, in the care of a zoo or wildlife refuge that can commonly live to 20 or beyond.  On this day, I caught KeeWee peering at me through the camouflage of an upended tree stump--which is incongruous when you consider just how poor warthog's eye sight is!  It is more likely that the sound of my voice caught her attention and then she's waiting to catch a whiff of human odor to confirm what her ears were telling her.

Maryland Zoo Highlight #1: The Penguin Coast

 The Penguin Coast was built in 2013-14, and opened to the public on 27 SEP 2014.

It is home to the largest colony of African Black-footed (or Jackass) penguins in North America.  Our breeding colony dances around 100 birds with a capacity of about 125.  In the nearly 60 year history of the Maryland Zoo supporting African Penguins, we have had over 1,000 live births!  Birds from our colony have virtually been part of every other colony in North America by either direct transfer or indirect genetic lineage.  The African Penguin, it is safe to say, is one of our signature species.  Additionally, annually we send thousands of dollars to SANCOOB, the leading regional (South Africa and Namibia) conservation organization working with Species Survival in Africa, as well as, zoo staff travelling to both Namibia and South Africa to share our expertise and learn from the work being done on the ground.

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature identified just over six months ago fewer than 10,000 viable breeding pairs of the African Penguin in the wild.  This represents a drop from over 200,000 birds a century ago.  Most of the decline has occurred in the past 30 years with a trajectory that sadly predicts extinction in the wild by 2035.  It's nearly incomprehensible.

The unique feature of this habitat is that its pool is a "doughnut" which allows the birds to swim in a large continuous loop.  At one point the depth of the pool reaches over 20 feet creating the opportunity for the birds to swim at high speeds and moderate depths like their wild cousins.  The large habitat has been shared over the years by other avian species native to the same regions of Africa.  White-Breasted Cormorants, and Pink-Back Pelicans were among the first.  Today, only a pair of Great White Pelicans (Wallace and Gromet) also call the Penguin Coast Habitat home.  

Some pics from today's visit.

17 members of our precious colony enjoying the warm March sun

Wallace and Gromet were also "catching some rays!"